All About Billiard-Snooker Gameplay

Billiard-Snooker : In the world of billiards, it turns out we can find a variety of types and sizes of pool table. If drawn in general, usually have a pool table length twice the width. Usually, this pool table has a size in the leg, so starting from 7, 8 and 9 footers size of the table the longest.

Places that have a billiard table size 9 foot is usually reserved for serious players (pro). If you want to play in launge or bar, they usually choose to have a pool table with a size 7 foot, and if we go to places that are not too large billiard table of this size is usually pool table coin. The short length of the selected table is usually related to very similar arrangement of space, because the problem of effectiveness and convenience then dropped the option for many who make a size 8 foot.

The best quality pool table is usually measuring 9 foot table with a pedestal made of granite or thick slabs, this point to prevent any bumps that do not want and change shape as the air humidity. For the type of pocket billiard table, there is usually a total of 6 pockets, three on each side of the table. Table is usually covered by a special cloth for billiard cloth and usually green. Differences fabrics used are usually affect the rate of billiard balls on the table.


Choose Billiard Sticks

When we want to buy a billiards club, we would be faced with a variety of models and brands existing sticks. You'll find thousands of models and variations from various manufacturers sticks, custom sticks, sticks with different weight, size, type of wood and other materials, 1 piece or 2 piece. All depends on your choice!

You must determine the specifications of the stick that you want. First, determine your budget and stick model you like. The most frequent type of game you play can also be an important consideration for choosing the stick. Standard minimum diameter is 13 mm billiard sticks (1.3 cm), to snooker 10 mm (1 cm).
Effectiveness blow (strike), reaction ball against the stick depends on the density and quality of the cue tip (tip steak).

It is possible that the power stroke so it would not be effective to use lower quality tip. The analogy is fitting for example ... F1 racing car use with low-quality tires. Cue tip is part of a club that has an important role.

Various types of tips are available on the market (more than 30 models) divided into 2 categories: "one piece tip" and "laminated tip" (5 layers of skin, covered at once). Cue tip is the most important part in the club who have maintained their quality.

Cue tip of the most popular are Tweeten Professional (for pool) and Elk Master (for Snooker). Flexibility and quality vibration sticks to hit was the specification of individual players (all depending on your tastes). Part of the club shaft is made from hard maple, but some are made of wood charcoal (ash) (usually for snooker).

Standard length stick is 58 inches (147.32 cm). Shape the handle sticks (grip) actually is for accessories, but the grip can affect the weight and balance sticks. Connection (joint) sticks are made of plastic or fiber composite in which the metal in the form of a screw inserted as a booster.

Length is about 1 - 1.5 inches (3.5 to 4 cm) and can not find any (ato very little) influence on the overall quality of the stick. Before you confirm the choice, it is important to compare and try a variety of models, weight and quality of the stick. It can make you comfortable on your club selection.

note: make sure you always keep a stick in a good place and avoid the place where the temperature is always changing drastically and too humid.


Important Things In Billiard

A simple advice to the players billiards. There are some important things in playing billiards. Concentration by blow you, follow the flow of punches, not intimidated by the blow and blow with a well planned scheme repeatedly.

You must know clearly what would you do before you do blow. If you have locked a decision on the punches and your hands, it will make you blow as easily do you mean.

You'll have a better chance to control the ball consistently. You would not be afraid of that out there there is a better choice. you think about it and come out the best option. You will automatically follow the blow as you want. You will not need to guess what will happen after the stroke performed. You already play it in your mind.

Believe in your choice is paramount. Always do at any time between blows to one another. The more you train yourself to see the punches and the possibilities, the less time you to take a decision.

This method will improve the quality of the game and your confidence after several days of serious training with this method.

Billiard Origins

The origins of biliard indeed no one knows for sure. Thought to have come from china or italy or spain. Many believe biliard derived from the French, biliard = cricket version of indoor or outdoor cricket = biliard version. Some records show that biliard indeed come from france.

Derived from the word meaning billart sticks, or bille which means ball. For the first time biliard in the documentation about the 15th century. Played by pushing the ball with sticks, just like cricket. Stik is known as mace or queue, and until now popular with the term cue. Meanwhile shakespeare mentioned that biliard has existed since the time of Antony and Cleopatra. It was called the old egyptian sports. New in 1675 biliard popular in the UK.

And that year also published books biliard regulations. Further scientific billiards as a sport popularized by Captain Mingaud, a political prisoner during a revolution french government. Because of his love with biliard, he refused to be freed from prison when his sentence ends.

Mingaud also find tips, the extra skin on cue tip. With the tip blow so more accurate and easier to control cue ball. Tip harden over time and reduces the effectiveness of the blow that needed to be replaced periodically.

Mingaud eventually leave prison and exhibitions around the French do biliard. Jack Carr, an English coach credited with finding techniques biliard hit off-center, which is hitting the cue ball off-center at this point in order to get the spin effect.

In english is called a side blow. He also found the idea to apply lime to the surface of the tip to improve the accuracy of punch. Throughout 1820 Jack Carr around Europe, training biliard while selling magical twisting chalk findings.


REGULATION BALL 9 / Nine Ball

The ball used is 9 balls numbered numbers 1 through 9 and a white ball as marbles (cue ball).

COMPOSITION OF THE BALL DURING BREAK FIGURES

Before the break ball numbers in the bunk with one configuration "diamond" with the following provisions: Ball 1 (one) dititik spot and the ball 9 (nine) in the middle. Another figure ball (ball 2 to the ball 8) freely placed anywhere.


GAME OBJECTIVE.

The games include ball first 9 (nine) legally, is the winner of that game

PUSH OUT (Shoot Out).

Players who turn to hit after a legal break may do the "push out" this chance only once in each game and may only be used after a break of the first punch / first out.

DEFINITIONS

Push-out is a blow to offense that is considered / declared no offense. In doing push-outs, the player must hit the white ball in a legitimate (if the white ball into a hole or jump, it is still considered a violation).

The blow is allowed at the time of push-outs are - hit the white ball without touching anything (did not touch the target ball, the ball the other numbers or tires - hit the ball the other number (not a target ball) and do not meet safety requirements (if the target ball or other ball numbers entered on this stroke, the ball is not returned to the field of game (except the ball 9 nine). Punch in addition to the above provisions and equipment are stated violations.

PUSH OUT NOTICE

Players who will do push-out must notify the point it first to the referee to be forwarded to the opposing players. If it does not blow blow considered normal (push-out provisions do not apply)

PUSH TURN OUT AFTER PROVISIONS

After one player doing push-out, then turn over an opposing player has the option to:
I. Continue the game with the existing position
II. Pass the turn to the player who threw the push out was to continue the game, while players who did push out the need to turn back

PROVISIONS (WHITE BALL POSITION) AFTER BREACH

In the event the opposing players continuing the game with an existing position. In these circumstances the white ball may be lifted and placed / placed freely in the area of ​​any game.

BALL TARGET OTHER FIGURES IN / jumps out at VIOLATION

Target ball or the ball the other numbers that enter / jump out when the offense is not returned to the field of play unless the ball 9


PLACEMENT POSITION BALL 9 (NINE)

The ball 9 which incoming / leaped out at the time of violation or push-outs, should be returned to the field the game is fixed at a point in the point spot spot if there is another ball that preclude placement then the ball 9 is placed on the long string as close as possible to the point spot


BREACH 3 X respectively - joined

If a person commits an offense player 3 x respectively - participated in one game, it is declared lost in the game. The referee should give a warning to players who have committed violations of 2 x row (if forget the opponent is entitled to remind the referee) If there is no warning, the violations that occurred in 3 does not blow into the calculation (be null) means that the player's new second violation x respectively - joined


VIOLATION

If while trying to hit other balls affected limbs or sticks or any other ball, so changing it is considered a violation. If while trying to hit both legs below the footing is not considered a violation. One foot must stand at the bottom.

SECRET MASTER Billiard

If we watch the game a sort of world-class professional player Mika Immonen, Efren Reyes, Ralf Souquet, Corey Deuel, etc ... we'll see how easy they are to play billiards. Is it really like?

Of course, between spectators and players of different laws apply. What seems simple is not necessarily easy if we do not practice sendiri.betul? I myself could just run out after playing billiards + / - 4 years.

Sure they have their own tips so that billiards in their hands "look so easy ', especially from their perspectives on major equipment in playing billiards. Secret that's what I try to analyze from personal experience, watching the game, as well as from various sources and teachings that I managed to get. Hopefully useful to improve our billiar game.


EQUIPMENT

In the play billiard, of course we need the equipment in the form of tables, balls, sticks, etc.. To successfully play billiar, specific intelligence needed in view of various equipment. Right understanding of the equipment used to improve the quality of our game. Then how the master's point of view that in interpreting the 3 types of equipment which I think is the main equipment of their success?


A. pool cue (stick)

For the master, cue like a girlfriend, like an inseparable soul mates. They will try to find a cue that really suited him. Size weight, length, diameter of the grip, balance and type of material so special attention. Stik is suitable for a person not necessarily suitable for use by other players.

Error in cue selection can result in less maximal our game.

At the tournament in 2006 Mosconi Cup USA players Earl Strickland and even slammed his cue to fall apart just because sodokannya not match what he wants. Or I have also never seen any other U.S. player, Johnny Archer, broke his cue because he was not satisfied with the results sodokannya. That is the importance of choosing a suitable cue. Therefore, in choosing a cue, just imagine like choosing a girlfriend.

B.cue ball

Cue ball (white ball / gaco) there are various types with each of a different weight. Understanding the masters of the cue ball is not up there alone. For example, the master assumes that the cue ball is played more frequently then the cue ball will increasingly dirty. In effect, the cue ball path will be increasingly difficult to control.

In addition, the lens of the master, cue ball can be seen in 25 points on the cue and cue elevation to the table where the poke at a specific point of the cue ball will result in a specific way as well. 24 points are associated in the short-clockwise and clockwise long and 1 point again is the central point.

C .Pool Table

Table that serves as a staging ground game has specific characteristics and is very dependent on the type of materials, installation techniques and humidity in the room game.

Pool table field is a square 2 pieces are combined into a rectangle with an area of ​​50 inches x 100 inches. On the edge of the table there is some point called the diamond.

Its function as a tool for measuring the course of the ball on the corners that will be produced after the ball touches the rails or bearings. As with connecting those points, would get 32 ​​of the game. So, will establish a solid understanding of our game.

BILLIARD IN TERMS 

BACK SPIN

direction of turning the ball round. Occurred because the poke that of the area under the middle of the white ball (cue ball). About-face is what will make the cue ball back to the original area after the collision with the target ball.

BALL IN HAND

when a player made a mistake (foul), then the opposing player has the right to place cue ball where you want to shoot the next ball.

BREAK SHOT

poke opening in every game.

BRIDGE

bridge between the stick (cue) with a cue ball.

Chalk

equipment used to coat the top (tip) of the cue to keep the poke order not to slip (a missed cue).

CUE

stick or sticks in the game billiar penyodok is usually made of wood.

CUE BALL

namely the white ball ball directly charged by the cue and not numbered.

DRAW SHOT

poke technique that can produce a back spin.

BAHASA SHOT

techniques to produce a side spin by hitting the left or right of the cue ball.

FOLLOW SHOT through

poke technique using swing push at the point on the cue ball. This poke will generate lap top or forward spin, that after hitting the target ball cue ball will continue rolling forward.

GRIP

hand when poked.

JOINT

on sticks connection consisting of two parts, the joint is the part where the two parts are fused. Generally, maker joint material made of iron, plastic, or ivory with a variety of models or shapes.

Missed CUE

Cue the situation at the time slip of the cue ball poke. Usually in the event of a missed cue, his voice sounded loud like the sound of tree limbs that were broken ('ctak!'). Because the slip, the ball will miss the target as well or not as we want. Missed cue often occurs because the swing is less than perfect or because of his smear of chalk less.

OBJECT BALL

ball by the cue ball will be targeted for inclusion in the bag (pocket).

POCKET

sac at the six-pool table with a size about twice the diameter of the ball.

SAFETY SHOT

poke survive that aims for an opposing player has no chance of an open ball position. Or in other words, ngumpetin ball (usually the cue ball) behind the ball is not a target.

Scratch

situation when the cue ball into the pocket or out of the table. Scratch is a foul, and opposing players will get a chance ball in hand.

Manchester City FC Premier League Club

Manchester City Football Club are an English professional football club who play in the English Premier League. This club is the club's derby with Manchester United, which is based in the City of Manchester stadium, Manchester.

The first game played in the month of November 1880. At that time still called St. Mark's (West Gorton). In 1887 changed its name to Ardwick AFC, and in 1894 became Manchester City FC

The City has won the League Championship as much as 2x, 4x FA Cup, League Cup and Cup Winners Cup European 2x 1x. This club's most successful period occurred in the era of the late 1960s and early 1970s. At that time the City under manager Joe Mercer with his assistant Malcolm Allison, and some players like Colin Bell, Mike Summerbee and Francis Lee.

In 2007 the club bought by Thailand's billionaire former Prime Minister of Thailand, Thaksin Shinawatra, so the club has become one of the English club owned by foreign parties. Later in the year 2008 was bought by Abu Dhabi United Group.

History

Manchester City F.C. formed in 1880 under the name St. Marks (West Gordon) by Anna Connell and two members of the church St. Marks. In 1887 they moved to new headquarters in Hyde Road, Ardwick. Club name was changed to Ardwick A.F.C. to adjust to a new location. Ardwick began competing in Division 2 Football League in 1892. A year later, the 1893-1894 season, the problem of financial entanglements re-organized clubs and after they finally changed its name again to Manchester City Football Club.

Early Period

City won the second division in 1899 and promotion to the highest caste British league, division one. Achievements initially marked with victory over Bolton Wanderers in the FA Cup final in 1904. In 1920, stadiums City at Hyde Road suffered major fire disaster in the stands. Then in 1923, they moved into his new merkas, Maine Road which is located in Moss Side.

The Citizen won the FA Cup again in 1934 by defeating Porstmouth in the final. And the league title was not some long can they achieve, in 1937 they won the English league for the first time. But next season they've relegated to division 2, the funny thing is they are the club's top scorer in the league than any club. 20 years later, Manchester City was inspired by a tactic called Revie Plan, managed to enter the FA Cup final 1955. They lost in the final against Newcastle, but next year they won the FA Cup by beating Birmingham in the final 3-1. Final party of 1956 including the FA Cup final party that is remembered because people in the game City goalkeeper Bert Trautmann, continue to play despite having a broken collarbone.

After it sank, and the new City comes to the fore as Joe Mercer and Malcolm Allison was named to the duo's manager of the club in 1965. They made the most important purchase in Mike Summerbee and Colin Bell. The next 2 seasons, 1967-1968 season, Manchester City won the division one for the second time. At the last party they make sure the title with 4-3 victory at home to Newcastle. Achievement trophies and was then begin to flow to come. They have won the FA Cup again in 1969 and European Cup Winners' first time they achieved in 1970 by beating Gornik Zabrze 2-1 in the final.

Rivalry with the club derby, Manchester United, always fierce. One of the many memorable party is the party last in the league season 1973-1974. Derby heat is inevitable when both City and United must win to be safe from relegation. Player of the legendary Manchester United, Denis Law, scored the only goal victory that also automatically throws city rivals to the division 2. In 1976 they won the League Cup by beating Newcastle in the final 2-1.

Period 1980-now

Manchester City did not produce significant degree, and only surfaced and resurfaced in the Premiership. They only promotion to the top division but was relegated again to Division 2. Even in 1996 they were relegated to division 3. After the arrival of David Bernstein as the new chairman, the City was slowly taking shape. In 2001, Kevin Keegan was appointed to handle the Citizen and they also managed promotion to the Premier League.

March 2005 Keegan resign and replace Stuart Pearce as a caretaker or manager while. City of brilliant appearance makes Pearce was appointed as manager of a full and Pearce 2005-2006 season brings City ranks 6th Premiership. City next season performances plummeted and only inhabit the bottom of the standings despite not board until degraded. Pearce eventually fired and replaced by former England manager, Sven Goran Eriksson. At the time Manchester City have been owned by a billionaire who is also ambitious former prime minister of Thailand, Thaksin Shinawatra.

Under Eriksson, the City appears strong at the start of the competition but began to lose balance starting from the middle of the competition, although they can reach the UEFA Cup European zone thanks to its appearance of fair play. Thaksin, who already wanted to fire impatient Eriksson before the end of the competition if it is not detained by fans who felt Thaksin Citizen too arbitrary and did not notice the fans desire City. The dismissal of Eriksson delayed only briefly and truly done during the final competition. Mark Hughes, Blackburn manager and former player's favorite club Manchester United's derby, was appointed to replace him.


Purchased by Abu Dhabi United Group

At the time of Hughes rose, actually already at the end of Thaksin's assets frozen because of alleged corruption horn for power as prime minister in Thailand. Thaksin, who understands his position was no longer possible to continue to fund Citizen finally release its ownership to a businessman from the United Arab Emirates, Dr. Sulaiman Al-Fahim. Al-Fahim is richer billionaire Thaksin and certainly longer than the more ambitious again. Only a few days after award of ownership of Manchester City, he immediately established a record of Britain's most expensive player purchase with the purchase of Robinho (right inset) from Real Madrid. The record price of 32.5 million pounds that go beyond the price offered 28 million pounds Chelsea for the Brazilian player. With the financial support that is really abundant, Citizen fans will get ready to witness again the other world players will be brought to their beloved club.

Coat and color club

Manchester City Home colors are Blue Sky and White pants. Meanwhile the away uniform is maroon, or red (since the 1960s) and Black Pants. But in recent years, several different colors were used. The origins of the cage club uniform color is not clear, but there is evidence that the club has used the blue sky from 1892 or earlier. A brochure entitled Famous Football Clubs - Manchester City was published in the 1940s indicates that West Gorton (St. Marks) originally played with red and black uniform. From the reports coming from 1884 describe the team wearing black T-shirt carrying a white cross, which shows the origin of the club as the church. The idea of ​​using red and black T-shirt came from a former assistant manager Malcolm Allison, who believe that by adopting the color of AC Milan would inspire City to achieve greatness.

Coat of arms of the current club into use in 1997, due to the previous symbol is not eligible to be registered as trademarks. The badge is based on the arm of the city of Manchester, and consists of a shield in front of a golden eagle. Features ship shields at the top half describes the Manchester Ship Canal, and three diagonal stripes at the bottom, depicts the city of three rivers. The bottom there is the ribbon with a word Superbia in Praelio, meaning in Latin is the Pride in Battle. Above the eagle there are three three-star, which is pure only as decoration.

The Origins Volleyball Sports

Origins Volleyball

At the beginning of its discovery, sports volleyball game is named Mintonette. Sports Mintonette was first discovered by a physical education instructor (director of Phsycal Education) named William G. Morgan at the YMCA on February 9, 1895, in Holyoke, Massachusetts (United States).

William G. Morgan was born in Lockport, New York in 1870, and died in 1942. YMCA (Young Men's Christian Association) is an organization dedicated to teach the basic teachings of Christianity to the youth, as has been taught by Jesus. This organization was established on June 6, 1884 in London, England by George Williams.


After meeting with James Naismith (basketball sports a creator who was born on November 6, 1861, and died on November 28, 1939), Morgan created a new sport called Mintonette. As with James Naismith, William G. Morgan also dedicated his life as a physical education instructor. William G. Morgan is also a graduate of Springfield College of the YMCA, to create this Mintonette game four years after the creation of sports games basketball by James Naismith. Sports Mintonette game is actually a game that was created by combining several types of games. Exactly, the game was created by adopting Mintonette four different characters into one game sports, namely basketball, baseball, tennis, and the last is handball (handball). At first, this game was created specifically for YMCA members who are not young anymore, so this game-were made not as active as a basketball game.

Change name Mintonette into volleyball (volleyball) occurred in the year 1896, on his first match demonstration at the International YMCA Training School. In early 1896, Dr. Luther Halsey Gulick (Director of the Professional Training School of Physical Education as well as Executive Director of the Department of Physical Education of the International Committee of the YMCA) invited and asked Morgan to demonstrate a new game she had created in the new campus stadium. At a conference held at the campus YMCA, Springfield was also attended by the entire physical education instructor. On the occasion, Morgan brings the two teams in each of the five-member team. Both teams are headed by a Major and Chief of Holyoke fire brigades.


On that occasion, Morgan also explained that the game is a game that can be played inside or outside the room with very liberal. And according to his explanation at that time, this game can also be played by many players. There is no limit to the number of players became standard in the game. While the goal of the game is maintained to keep moving the ball high over the net, from one area to another (the opponent).

Demonstration game hosted by both teams, as well as explanations that have been submitted by the Morgan-have also brought a change in Mintonette. The first change that happened in the game came on his name. At the suggestion of Professor Alfred T. Halstead is also watching and paying attention to demonstration and explanation of Morgan, the name was changed to Mintonette-Volleyball (volleyball). Selection of Volleyball as a substitute name-even Mintonette not done without consideration. Volleyball The name was chosen based on the major movements contained in that game, the movement hit the ball before the ball fell to the ground (volleyball). At first, the name was spelled-Volleyball separately (two words), namely "Volley Ball." Then in 1952, the Administrative Committee USVBA (United States Volleyball Association) chose to spell the name in one word, namely "Volleyball". USVBA volleyball is a sport of unity contained in the United States. This association was first established in 1928, and currently USVBA better known by the name of USAV (USA Voleyball). After the demonstration, the YMCA committee promised to learn the rules of the game that has been written and submitted by Morgan.

Some of the first rules were written by Morgan is the use of a net 6 feet 6 inches tall (this size is adjusted with an average height of Americans who in the 19th century turns out to be shorter), field size 7.6 x 15.2 m2, and played by some players. In the old rules, the game is divided into nine innings. In each round, each team the opportunity to perform the services (hitting the ball early in the game / hit the ball first). In addition, the regulations were first made there was no limit contact between the player with the ball, before the ball can be hit and move to an area opponent. If players make mistakes while performing service, he was still allowed to perform the second service. While beating the ball toward the net would be considered a violation and result in lost scores, except during the first servicing. Because after the first service, there is still a chance to do a second service. Finally, they modify and publish the regulation in July 1896.

Development Volleyball


One of the most vital equipment in volleyball game is the ball. However, when making that first ball, to play volleyball still be a debate. There are several sources that stated that the official volleyball or standards were first made in 1896 by Spalding. Meanwhile, some other sources state that the standard of volleyball was first made in 1900.


Over time, volley-ball game continues to experience the changes, both in terms of game rules, game techniques, and skill of the players. Calculation of scores changed in about 1917. Limitation score in the first 21 points, then it has been converted into 15 points. The changes also occurred in 1920, namely in terms of game rules. In 1920 it had introduced the rule "three punches" and has also established limits on the back row attack.

The development of volleyball game that continues to progress, it has been more and more captured the interest of sports lovers in the world. Having successfully introduced the volleyball game to the whole society the United States, volley-ball games are increasingly spread its wings to countries outside the U.S.. In 1900, Canada has become the first foreign country to adopt the volleyball game. The spread of this volleyball game even continues to the state-another country. Brazil, Russia, China, Asia, and Europe is the containers in which the volleyball game became a very popular sport.

Regulations

Field

Sports volleyball game played on a rectangular field. Along with continued development of volleyball game, then the international size standards and means of support in any field volleyball-determined. The standard length of a volleyball court is 18 meters, while the size of the width is 9 meters. Panjangan field is then divided in two and separated by a net mounted on two poles. Net is installed at a height of 2:43 or 2:24 meters meters. At each end of the pole will typically installed an antenna. This antenna will be limiting sideways movement of the ball or wide. Net which has a width of one meter wide in the middle of the field installed. Size of 2:43 meters commonly used in men's volleyball match, while in grade daughter usually use the net with 2:24 meters altitude. However, in the junior class competitions as well as veterans are usually high net varies. For the class competition, the high net can usually be adjusted again.


In volleyball field line technical term is "3 feet" from the net. The line serves as a boundary attack (attack line). 3-meter line is then split the field into two parts, namely the back row (back row), and front row (front row). Then, in each part of it (back row and front row) is still divided into 6 zones or 6 points. In the sixth area or point that is what is the position of volleyball players. Area "1" is a position player who will do the next service. strategi.jpgSetiap turn of the turn for service, the players must spin clockwise direction to turn to do the service. By doing laps with a clockwise direction, then the player in first position will be replaced by players who previously occupied the second position. While the players who originally occupied the position 1 will be shifted into position 6, and so on.



In volleyball court rules there is a term free zones (free zones). This free zone is an area that surrounds the area of ​​the team. The players can enter and play in the free zone that has at least 3 meters wide with a free, after one of his players do the service. Team area boundaries are indicated by using lines drawn on the ground. While the area of ​​the attack was in the area. The lines of the area teams will also determine whether the ball that falls will be declared "in" or "out". If the ball is still touching the line falls area team, the ball is declared "go", and the opposing team will gain value. However, if the ball falls outside the team area without touching the team area, the ball is declared "out".


Ball

As the name implies, "Volleyball", then the ball is one of the most vital equipment in this game. Standard ball used in volleyball games are usually made of leather. In addition to using genuine leather, making the ball usually also use artificial leather. The ball is then filled with air (pumped). The requirements of this standard balls in accordance with regulations issued by the FIVB (Federation Internationale de Volleyball), the International Volleyball Federation which deal with matters relating to the sport volleyball game. In addition to establishing rules of the game volleyball, FIVB also regulate volleyball matches an international scale. FIVB headquarters in Lausanne, Switzerland, and was founded in 1947 in Paris, France. The following is issued by the FIVB regulations regarding the use of standard ball in a volleyball game:

* The ball has a circumference of a circle 65 to 67 cm, weighing 260 to 280 grams.

* The pressure inside of the ball should be around 0:30 to 0325 kg/cm2 (4.26-4.61 psi, 294.3-318.82 mbar or hPa).

* The ball has a circumference of a circle 65 to 67 cm, weighing 260 to 280 grams.

* The pressure inside of the ball should be around 0:30 to 0325 kg/cm2 (4.26-4.61 psi, 294.3-318.82 mbar or hPa).



Playing Technics

In volleyball game there are two teams facing each other. The number of players who are on each team is 6 people. In addition, in one team usually also carry 3 to 6 people reserve players. Usually, the game begins with a coin toss system, namely the referee tossed a coin two sides to the air,

then catch it again in a state closed by hand. Both team representatives will be asked to guess the picture side of the coin is visible. For those who answer correctly, then timnyalah entitled to be a server (which is to serve out the first time).


To do service, a player from the server team who are in position 1 outside line getting into the back edge of the field. The player throws the ball into the air, then bounced and hit him until the opponent falls in the area (across the net), and should not be out of the field lines that have been determined opponent. If the exit line then the ball will be declared out or "out", and the opponent will get one point. Once the ball got to the area of ​​the opponent, then the opponent will receive or hold the ball in a manner "bump" or "pass" (passing). "Bump" or "pass" is to hold the ball with both arms held together at the front (passing). In circumstances forced, receiving the ball can be done using any limbs.


In an effort to return the ball, each team must try the most to do a combination of three punches. That is, the first recipient of the ball must do our best to direct the ball to the setter. Setter is a player who served to give the bait a good ball to the attacker or spiker (striker). Setter will lift the ball by using the strength of his fingertips, who also plays her wrist. In this case, the setter should be able to make a motion that he feed the ball to the attacker moving with focused and calm, not spinning. -Setter must first read the motion prefix (square off) that have been taken by the attacker. So the setter can give feed the ball in the right direction, and with the appropriate height. After the ball bounced, the attacker will immediately jump up and attack a smash hit or a spike in the direction opposite area. Spike is a jump with one hand raised above his head, then hit the ball that was bounced in the air over the net towards the opponent's area, so the ball will fall in the area of ​​the opponent with a hard and fast. In addition to energy needed technical excellence and good, the sharpness of the attacker the ability to read situations in the field as if going to spike is also very necessary. Because then, the attacker will be able to direct the ball into the opponent's area that looked weak or empty. Attack of the spiker is what counted as the third blow. Although not performed on the third blow to spike, but the ball should still have crossed into the opposite area. If the ball has not crossed into the opposite area after the third blow, it will be regarded as a violation. So the ball will move to the opposing team, and any other team-will get extra points. The team that carried out the attack is called the team "offense", or team attacker.

Opponents of the team "offense" is the team "defense", ie the team that conduct defense by preventing the ball so as not to enter or fall in the area. Defense used by the defense team called a block (block). Block performed by players who are first or near the net. When the attacker from doing spike team offense, team defense jump forward with both hands raised upward, toward the end of the net. With both hands that prevent or hinder the defense team (block) the ball is in the spike so as not to enter or fall in the area. In performing this block, players must also be able to read Where the ball will be directed, so the ball will not pass block with ease. However, sometimes the ball was still able to pass block. It is caused by several factors, such as ball position higher than the block, which dispike spinning ball, or because of his weak block. In the circumstances the ball managed to penetrate the block, then the defense team will usually try to remain able to control the ball in order not to fall or get into the area. If the ball that managed to penetrate the block can still be saved with ease, then the other players will welcome the ball with a pass or bump. However, if the ball moves with unstable or somewhat difficult to achieve, then usually the player will do the dig to save the ball. Dig in fact almost identical to pass, that hold and pass the ball to the setter. However, it is usually done using one arm. Dig usually carried out in urgent situations, namely when the ball hard to reach or difficult to control. When the defense team has successfully controlled the ball, the game situation will change. The team survived (defense) will change into a team attacker (offense), and vice versa, the team that originally attacked the will to change into the last team (defense).


The game will continue with the steps as above, until the ball touches one of the team area in accordance with the rules of volleyball games that have been determined. Or until there is a violation committed by a player from one of the teams that competed.
Violation Forms

* The third blow on the ball should be able to lead and over the net into the opponent's area. If after being beaten three times but the ball still has not moved into the area of ​​the opponent, then this is considered as a violation.

* Each player is only allowed to touch the ball as much as one-time, before it passed to another player. If a player touches the ball more than once before the ball is passed to another player (deliberately or not), then this is considered as a violation. Touching the ball when performing block is not counted as a blow, then the player who touched the ball when performing block is still allowed to directly touch or hit the ball that came out of his block.

* Violation of the others is the use of more than 8 seconds while performing a service.

* If the player holding, lifting, or carrying the ball (touching the ball for a long time, not hit him), then this is considered as a violation.

* Spike is done by players on the back row, while the ball is directly above the net will be declared as a violation. This can be done if the player jumps from behind the attack line (line 3 meters), in this case the player is allowed to land in front of the line of attack.

* Hitting the ball is still there in the area of ​​the opponent is expressed as an error.

* Touching the net with any part of the body (except hair), when the game is in progress will be declared as a violation.

* Violation of the other is when the ball landed (fall) in the outer area of ​​the same team, that team who last touched the ball.

* If in a team no one to receive, hold, or control the ball which is passed from the opposite side, then it is expressed as a violation. The incident of this kind, usually occurs as a result of a misunderstanding between the players are equally near the ball crash site.

* Violation is sometimes also carried out by a volleyball player is to block or spike the ball over the net that has not completely, when the opposing team servicing.
* Other actions that are considered as a mistake is when a player on the back row to join the block with the players on the front row.

* If the next player from the server team jump, block movement, or standing adjacent to each other when one player from his team conducted a service in order to obstruct views of the opposing team, then it is also expressed as a violation. The team will get a warning from the referee.

* Violation is another leg position players who are in the field, or stepping on the field behind the line while performing a service (before the ball over the net).

* A libero can only play in the back row. If he does block or spike the ball right at the top of the net, then it will be declared as a violation.
* Error position players during the service will be declared as a violation. However, after the service is done then the players can adjust their positions based on rules set.
* The existence of a physical brawl between players and one team with players from the opposing team will be declared as a violation.


Rating

* One team will gain value automatically if the ball falls in the line area of ​​the opponent or when the opposing team made a mistake. In this regulation not previously meperhitungkan Which team do the service. After that, the ball will move into the hands of opponents, and fight with the next team will do the next service.

* If the service previously performed by the team that obtained a value, then the next service will still be performed by the same player, who had previously done service.

* Position players must spin clockwise direction if the services previously performed by a team that earn points. Thus, the service will be done by players who previously occupied the area 1.

* The game in each set will end when one team earn points 25. Additional 2 points will be given when both teams get the same points on the points 24.

* Normally, the match will take place in 5 sets. In the first set to set to-4 will be played to 25 points. While on the set of the 5th, the game will only be played to 15 points. Additional 2 points will be awarded if both teams get the same point, namely at points 14.

* Sometimes, the assessment system in every tournament or game is different. At the high school level and professional games usually only take place up to 3 sets, with total points to 30 points.


Regulation of the use of 25 points just entered into force in 1999. Previously, the game is only held to 15 points in each set. In addition, teams earn points that were previously only team to do service. When the server team makes a mistake, then the opposing team will not gain extra points. These errors will only cause it to move the ball (opposing team who will do the next service.) And when it attacks one of the teams is declared "go", the team still will not get extra if the services previously performed by the team as well. The attack, which declared "go" it will only result in moving the ball only. The team is just an opportunity to do further service. Changes in regulations made by the FIVB in 1999, and began officially established in 2000.
Libero

Libero is a member of a volleyball team who have been trained and formed specifically to be a player who has high defense capability. One player who is tasked with maintaining and improving the team's defense when receiving a service as well as get a spike attack from his opponent's team. Libero was first introduced internationally in 1998, who then introduced again by the NCAA in 2002. NCAA (National Collegiate Athletic Association) is an athlete volunteer organization governed by several colleges and national universities. NCAA head office is located in Indianapolis, Indiana. The word "libero" itself actually comes from the Italian meaning "free."


Libero, a player who has specialized to improve this team's defense, are not allowed to make block or attack when the ball is directly above the net. Nevertheless, the libero can replace the function setter function within certain limits. When a libero want to perform overhand (provide feedback to spike the attacker), the libero position should be behind the 3-meter line, the position of libero is not allowed to step foot 3-meter line. As for the underpass (passing below), the libero can do so in all areas of the field.


A libero is a person who should have the physical stamina is quite excellent, and of course must have the ability to survive as well. Because, libero who will resist more attacks fast and hard and sharp from the opponent. A libero also must always maintain vigilance against the attacks a hoax that may be incurred by the opposing team. The quality of a libero has an enormous influence on a team. The more stable the quality of a libero, the more stronger it's defense a volleyball team. And the stronger the defense of a team, the team also will be able to increase the quantity and quality of attacks.
Recent Rule Changes

Volleyball game that continues to increase and develop from time to time also has undergone many changes, mainly in the form of the game rules. Some of the changes in regulation volleyball game also occurred in 2000. One of the changes that occurred in 2000 it was the rule in doing service. Services at the volleyball game that was originally only be done from outside the field behind the right, when it was removed. In 2000, service on a volleyball game can be done from the right, left, and center, outside the rear field. Changes in the form of expansion of the service area is of course has an effect quite different for volleyball players. Because, they will more easily adjust the position according to their comfort when going to perform service. And this change, of course, also very big impact once for the left-handed volleyball players.


To reduce the percentage of violations in terms of carrying and double-hit (double blow), then in 2000 the reform legislation has also been done about it.


Other regulatory changes are still going back in February of 2008. At that time, the NCAA has made changes to the regulatory assessment at the college level. NCAA rules already merubahan value originally 30 points to 25 points. As for the match on the set of the 5th did not change, the game will still be held to 15 points.

The History Of Futsal

Futsal is a ball game played by two teams, each consisting of five persons. The goal is to put the ball into the opponent's goal, by manipulating the ball with his feet. Besides the five major players, each team was also allowed to have a backup player. Unlike a football game other indoor, futsal field lines is limited, not the net or the board.

Futsal helped also recognized by various other names. The term "Futsal" is the international term, derived from the Spanish or Portuguese, football and sala.



History

Futsal was invented in Montevideo, Uruguay in 1930, by Juan Carlos Ceriani. The uniqueness of futsal received attention throughout South America, principally in Brazil. Skills developed in this game can be seen in the style shown world-famous Brazilian players outside the room, the regular-sized field. Pele, Brazil's famous star, for example, to develop his talents in futsal. While Brazil continues to be the center of futsal world, the game is now played under the aegis of Federation Internationale de Football Association around the world, from Europe to Central America and North America and Africa, Asia, and Oceania.

The first international match held in 1965, Paraguay won the first South American Cup. Six subsequent seizure of the South American Cup held until 1979, and wiped out all the carpet champion Brazil. Brazil continued its dominance by winning the first Pan American Cup in 1980 and won again at the next scramble pd year 1984.

The first Futsal World Championship was held for the help FIFUSA (before its members joined FIFA in 1989) in Sao Paulo, Brazil, in 1982, ended with Brazil in the first position. Brazil to repeat his victory in the second World Championships in Spain in 1985, but suffered defeat of Paraguay in the third World Championships 1988 in Australia.

The first international Futsal match held in the U.S. in December 1985, at Sonoma State University in Rohnert Park, California. Futsal The Rule of The Game.

Regulation

Field Size

1. Size: length x width of 25-42 m 15-25 m

2. Boundary lines: the line width of 8 cm, which touch on the side line, goal line at the ends, and transverse center of the field, 3 m center circle; no barrier or wall board

3. Penalty area: arc measuring 6 m from each post

4. Penalty line: 6 m from the midpoint of the goal line

5. The second penalty line: 12 m from the midpoint of the goal line

6. Zone change: local 6 m (3 m on each side of the midfield line) on the side of the stands of throwing

7. Hurdles: 2 m height x width 3 m

8. Surface area throwing: smooth, flat, and not abrasive

Ball

1. Size: 4

2. Circumference: 62-64 cm

3. Weight: 390-430 grams

4. Flank: 55-65 cm on first bounce

5. Material: leather or other suitable material (ie not hazardous materials)


Number of players

1. Maximum number of players to start the game: 5, one goalie

2. Minimum number of players to end the match: 2 (not including injuries)

3. The number of reserve players maximum: 7

4. Number of referees: 2

5. The number of line judges: 0

6. Limit the number of substitutions: unlimited

7. Method change: "change of drift" (all players except the goalkeeper may enter and leave the field at any time; replacement goalkeeper can only be done if the ball was being played and with the consent of the referee)

8. And the referee was not allowed to step on the field arena, allowed only outside of the field lines only, except if there are violations that have entered the field

Supplies player

1. Numbered T-Shirt
2. Shorts
3. Sock
4. Knee cap
5. Rubber footwear bersolkan
6. Wipe Towels


Old games

1. Old Normal: 2x20 minutes

2. Old istiharat: 10 minutes

3. Old extension: 2x10 minutes (if the result is still a draw after normal time 2x20 minutes)

4. There are penalties (maximum of 3 goals) if the number of goals the two teams finish the series as an extension of time

5. Time-outs: 1 per team per round, not in extra time

6. The turn round time: 10 minutes maximum

Leading Futsal Championship

FIFA Futsal World Cup

* 1989 (in Rotterdam, The Netherlands): won Brazil
* 1992 (in Hong Kong): won Brazil
* 1996 (in Barcelona, ​​Spain): won Brazil
* 2000 (in Guatemala): won Spain
* 2004 (in Taiwan): won by Spain.
* 2008 (in Brazil): Brazil won


AMF Futsal World Cup

* 1982 (in Sao Paulo, Brazil): Brazil won
* 1985 (in Madrid, Spain): won Brazil
* 1988 (in Melbourne, Australia): won Paraguay
* 1991 (in Milan, Italy): won Portugal
* 1994 (in Argentina): Argentina won
* 1997 (in Mexico): won Venezuela
* 2000 (in La Paz, Bolivia): won Colombia
* 2003 (in Paraguay): won by Paraguay.

As Roma Football Club History

 Established: 1927

Address: Via Trigoria km 3.600-00128 Italy

Phone: +39 06-501911

Chair: Rosella Sensi

Director: Daniele Pradè

Stadium: Stadio Olimpico


History

Combined Three Oldest Capital City Club

A club formed by the fascist leader Benito Mussolini had a great ambition, which until now still berkuang make it happen.

Profile
Name: Associazione Sportiva Roma SpA
Nickname: Il Giallorossi (Red Yellow), La Magica (Magic), Il Lupi (The Wolves)
Established: July 22, 1927 (By Italo Foschi)
Stadium: Stadio Olimpico Rome, Italy (Capacity 82.700)
President: Rosella Sensi
Coach: Vicenzo Montella



Associazione Sportiva Roma was founded in 1927 by Italo Foschi. This club is the result of the merger of three Roman club which has been established previously, namely Roman, Alba-Audace and Fortitudo.

The merger of three clubs was an initiative of the famous Italian fascist dictator, Benito Mussolini. The goal is to form a strong club from the capital that could end the domination of the clubs north of Italy at that time.

In his first year as a professional club, AS Roma make Motovelodromo Appio as stadium corral them before moving on Campo Testaccio that was opened in November 1929.

AS Roma are also identical with maroon and golden yellow, representing the traditional colors of the city itself. The color itself is taken from one of three clubs merged, namely Roman Football Club.
Achievement

Since its establishment in 1927, Roma could not realize the ambitions of Mussolini to end the domination of clubs from northern Italy. The proof, only a small degree the capital of the Italian team obtained over a period of nearly nine decades.

In Serie A, Roma managed to win only three times. While in the Coppa Italia, nine titles were collected and the last title obtained last year. In the Italian Super Cup, Roma won this event in 2001 and 2007. In Serie B, Rome had been a champion in the 1951/52 season.

In international competition, Rome only once won the prestigious event, the UEFA Cup in the season 196-/1961. But in the junior event, Rome appear quite dominant. In the event Campionato Nazionale Primavera, six titles was sealed Roman troops, while in the Coppa Italia Primavera, they managed to get three championship titles. Nothing wrong with junior players and many Romans who later became stars, like Danielle de Rossi and Alberto Aquilani at this season.


Other Interesting Facts

- No back # 6 in Rome officially retired, which is a form of respect for Aldair, Brazilian defender who defended Rome during 13 seasons, from 1990 to 2003.

- Rosella Sensi in control of Rome in the year 2008 because the previous president, Franco Sensi, who is also his father, died.

- Francesco Totti holds many records of Rome, ranging from the most appearances in all competitions, also record the most appearances in serie A, and top scorer for Roma.

- Logo-shaped Roman wolf is an illustration of the myth of Romulus and Remus, which is the story of the formation of Rome.

- The song is also at the same greatness of Rome club motto is La Roma non the discute, the ama, which is sung by the singer Antonello Venditti. Meaning roughly of expression is Rome was not to be questioned, but to be loved. The song was sung every Roman pluck home victory after the match finished.